1.
GOVERNMENT
A government is an organized body of persons who form the
machinery of the state.
Is a system or an organization of ruling a county or a
state.
It has set laws that are followed by citizens.
It is a body of persons running matters of state. The
matters of state are being cared by three joined bodies which are:
·
Executive
·
Legislature
·
Judiciary
All three joint
bodies are called branches (organs) of the state authority.
TYPES
OF GOVERNMENTS IN THE WORLD.
1. Republic:
this type of government headed by a president who has executive powers. E.g.
Tanzania.
2. Monarch: this type is under the king or queen, but it
has the prime minister who oversees the daily business of the government. E.g.
U. K, Japan e.t.c.
3. Dictatorship:
is headed by a single person or group of persons who come to power by force.
4. Federation:
formed when the authority of government is divided into a central government
and the government of the units. E.g. U. S. A
5. Democratic:
is the type of government which people choose their leaders and have a say in
what the government does. g. Tanzania.
6. Union: this
type of government is formed when two or more independent states decide to join
and form a single government.
7. Dominion: it
is led by prime minister but it still recognizes the British Queen as their
head of state. E. g. Canada.
IMPORTANCE/
FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENT
1. Maintain
peace
2. Provide
social services
3. Enforces laws
4. Promote
national economy
5. Makes law
6. Maintain
international relatives
7. Punish law
breakers
8. Regulate
international trade
CONSTITUTION
1. Is a system
of basic laws by which a county is governed?
2. Are the basic
principles which are accepted by the people of a certain society in order to
guide them.
TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONS
1. Written
constitution
2. Unwritten
constitution
1. Written
constitution: is the one in which the fundamental principles and
legal rules of the land have been put down in written document. E.g. U.S.A
Advantages of written constitution:
1. Is simple,
clear, precise and consistent.
2. It can be
readily consulted in case of doubt and disputes
3. It is suitable for countries with fragile
democracy.
Disadvantages of written constitution.
1. Some written
constitution are so detailed hence not easy to understand
2. They tend to
be rigid
3. Takes long
time to amend it.
2. Unwritten constitution: the fundamental principles and
legal rules of the land have not been put down in a written form.
Advantages of unwritten constitution:
1. Easy to amend
it
2. Is flexible
and understandable to changing condition
Disadvantages of unwritten constitution:
1. It is easy to
be manipulated by those in power to the disadvantage of the citizens
2. Not suitable
for young nations.
The main pillars of constitution.
Ø Popular
sovereignt
Ø Limited
government
Ø Separation
of power
Ø Checks
and balances
Ø Judicial
reviews
IMPORTANCE OF CONSTITUTION
1. Describes the
form of government
2. Describes the
structure of government
3. Distributes
power to the state organs
4. Shows the
relationship between the government and the governed.
5. Shows the
methods by which those who govern come into power.
6. Shows the
rights and responsibilities of the citizen.
How national constitutions are made
They are made in special meetings. These meetings are
sometimes referred to as:
1. Constituent
assembles or constitutional conventions
2. National
constitutional conference referendum
These meetings are usually composed of representatives
elected by the people of a county.
Sometimes they are made up by members of the organizations, veteran
politicians, religious leaders, head of institutions who came together to
negotiate and draft constitution.
Steps in making a democratic constitution.
For the democratic constitution to be made, the following
have to be considered:
1.
Characteristics of the population i.e. homogeneous or diverse
2. The economy
tied to its geographic characteristics. E.g. agriculture etc.
3. The history
that has shaped the nations aspirations
4. Whether
neighboring nations are peaceful or at war, since they can’t be ignored.
How constitution is safeguarded
1. By taking
oath office- the president for example has to swear that he/she will safeguard
the constitution.
2. By appointing
officials who can be dismissed if one doesn’t not abide by the constitution.
3. By court
trial to anyone found acting against the constitution and face appropriate
action.
Constitutional process in Tanzania.
The first constitution of Tanganyika was written in 1961 under British supervision. Late
J.K Nyerere became a prime minister.
The second constitution was made on 9th December 1962. It
was made Tanganyika government to have final say in all matters foreign and
domestic. The president became the head
of state and government.
In Zanzibar the first constitution was launched on 10th December 1963. The Arab Sultan was made the head of state.
On 12th January 1964, the Sultanate government was over thrown and Sheikh Abeid.A. Karume became the president of
Zanzibar.
On 26th April 1964, Tanganyika
and Zanzibar united and the
United Republic of Tanzania was born. Because of the union, a new intern
constitution was launched in January 1965.
In 1965,
the ruling political party (TANU)
established one party state, the country’s constitution was changed to give
legal effects.
On 5th February 1977, CCM
was born after dissolving TANU
and ASP. Therefore the first permanent
In 1977,
Zanzibar established the House of Representatives; therefore the constitution
of Zanzibar was formed.
For the case of Zanzibar, again in 1984, a new
constitution came after resignation of AboudJumbe, in the same year,
the president’s term of office was reduced to 2.5
years.
On 1st July 1992, Tanzania
reintroduced multiparty political system so the constitution was slightly
changed.
Other changes of constitution were made in 1994,
when the president of Zanzibar ceased to be the vice president of the United
Republic of Tanzania, he just remained the president of Zanzibar.
Constitutional Amendments.
In Tanzania, constitutional amendments are done by the
parliament of URT. The decision
to amend or not is reached by vote. In
some developed countries the democratic constitution amendments are done by a
process called constitutional conference referendum. E.g. U.S.A, S. Africa, Germany.
Referendum.
Is a method of changing constitution through all the
politically interested groups like religious institutions, civics society,
political parties, business community and judiciary meet, debate and vote for
changes.
The main provision of the constitution of Tanzania.
v
Is on the United Republic of Tanzania(URT), it
has 3 sections, the first states clearly that the URT is a multiparty
democratic state. It has two governments.
v
Is about the executive of the URT i.e. Union
government. This has 3 sections. Section one spells out the power out, the
power of the president and presidential election.
v
Section two is on vice president, his/her power
and responsibilities and section 3 is about prime minister and cabinet.
Chapter 3
Is on the legislature it has several sections, one of them
is about parliament powers and responsibilities; another section is about
members of parliament, their constituents and election.
Chapter 4
Is about Zanzibar revolutionary government.Revolutionary
council and the house of the representative of Zanzibar.
Chapter 5
It has several sections, one is about the high court of
URT. Another one is on the employment of
magistrates and other officials in Tanzania mainland.
Chapter 6
Is about the parliament commission of inquiry and the
leadership code. It has 2 sections; one
is on the permanent commission of inquiry and section two is on the secretarial
of the leadership code.
Chapter 7
Have two sections about the finances of the two sections to
be defined by the government of the URT.
Chapter 8
Is about the local government and their roles.
Chapter 9
Is about the armed forces.
Chapter 10
Is on general matter of the constitution.
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
Local government is the agent of central government
which carries out functions within a specific area.
The central government has autonomy. They form essential link between the people
and the central government. It is for
this reason and other that local government should be allowed to run their own
affairs without interference from central government.
REASONS OF ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
1. Linking the
local community with the central government. The people make their needs known
to the central government through local government.
2. Making the
best use of local resources e.g. food, water.
3. Promoting
democracy, councilors, have to be elected after every 5 years. The residents of
each local government are to participate fully in electing the councilors.
4. Passing by
laws, whose application varies with the environment. This means that some by
laws which apply in one district may be different from others.
FORMS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
1. Village
government
2. District
council
3. Town council
4. Municipal
council
5. City council
1. VILLAGE GOVERNMENT
It is the smallest government unit. It is made up of the village’s assembly and
village council. The adult population in
the village forms village assembly. The village council is the executive arms
to the Village assembly. It has the
power to see day to day activities of the village.
2. DISTRICT COUNCIL
It has an area corresponding to that of government
administrative district. The council is
composed of:
1. Elected
members, councilors
2. Members
elected by the minister responsible for the local government
3. The members
of parliament.
A district council is headed by the chairman who is assisted
by the vice chairman.
3. TOWN COUNCIL
Includes those of Songea, Njombe, Lindi and Bukoba. Each town council is composed of
1. Members
elected from each ward within the town.
2. Members of
the parliament representing the consistuency within the town.
3. National
members of parliament residing in the town.
4. Five members
appointed by the minister responsible for local government.
5. This council
is headed by a chairman who holds office for a term of five years.
6. There is town
director for each council. The town director is the secretary to the council
but has no voting rights to any council meetings. He is the chief executive.
4. MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
Municipalities are towns which have a population of area
80,000 residents each. These include Dodoma,
Iringa, Moshi, Morogoro as the members.
The council is headed by Mayor assisted by Deputy Mayor. Both are elected by councilor’s director who
is the chief executive and serves as secretary to the council.
5. CITY COUNCIL
The known cities in Tanzania are Dar Es Salaam, Mwanza,
Tanga, Mbeya and Arusha. However the
government has recently recognized some regions to be cities. Dar Es Salaam attained a city status in 1961
after Tanganyika independence.
Members of the
city council consist of:
1. Elected members. One from each ward in a
city
2. Members of
parliament representing parliamentary consistence
3. National
members of parliament residing in the city
4. Not more than
six other members appointed by ministry responsible for local government. The
city council is headed by the mayor who is assisted by the deputy mayor. The chief executive of the city council is
the director.
Functions of local government.
The local government is charged with two types of functions
and general duties.
Mandatory functions and duties of local government are those
which the government is required by law to discharge, these functions are:
1. Social and
economic welfare of all residents
2. Maintenance
of law and order
3. Collection
and proper utilization of revenue
4. Making
by-laws for the implementation
5. National and
local policies
6. Consider,
regulate and coordinate development.
Permissive functions are those which local government may
perform depending on the needs and ability of resources mostly financial.
These functions include:
1. Control and
prescription e.g. Methods of husbandry on land.
2. Building,
equipping and letting shops and dwelling houses
3.
Establishment, maintenance, operation and control drainage, sewage.
4. Charging fees
for several services and licenses
5. Building
health centers and primary/secondary.
REVENUE
COLLECTION
Local authorities need funds with which to pay their
employee and carry out the various services they offer.
Local councils are empowered by the central government to
raise revenue.
Various ways, depending to some extend on their status.
THE WAYS WHICH THE AUTHORITIES RAISE MONEY.
1. Charges the
council services e.g. refund collection and water supply.
2. License fees-
fees are charged for various license issued by the council.
3. Rents-
councils charge rents for the use of council property. E.g. council houses,
market stalls, sports stadiums. t.c
4. Government
grants- the central government gives grants to local authorities for general
expenditure and specific projects.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
It is the national government. It is concerned with the daily activities in
the country. The national government
works through 3 organs.
o Legislature
o Executive
o Judiciary
The functions of national government are carried out in 3
organs as mentioned above.
PARLIAMENT
Is the highest council of the country. The Tanzanian parliament is the national
assembly. It is one of the main branches
of the government. The members of the
parliament are the members of the national assembly.
Types of parliament
There are 2 types of parliament all over the world.
1. Bicameral
parliament
2. Unicameral
parliament
1. Unicameral
parliament:It consists of a single legislative chamber e.g. Tanzania
1. Bicameral
parliament: it consists of two legislativechambers e.g. U.S.A or Britain
U.S.A – the senate and house of representative
Britain – House of lord and house of common
In Tanzania the president is not a member of national
assembly but he is represented by the prime minister. The president occasionallyaddresses the
parliament.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PARLIAMENT
Members of the parliament.
There are 5 categories:
1. Members are
elected to represent constituencies one from each constituency.
2. Special
groups. Being not less than 30% of the total elected by the political parties.
3. Five members
elected by the house of representative from Zanzibar
4. Ten members
appointed by president.
5. Attorney
general
LEADERSHIP OF THE PARLIAMENT
The following are leaders of parliament:
1. Speaker of
the parliament- head of legislature
2. Deputy
speaker
3. Clerk of
parliament
4. Two
chairpersons
The following are functions of Tanzanian government:
1.To make laws of the county- Involves debating bills
brought up by either the government of private members of parliament.
If the bills are agreed upon by the president, they become
acts and hence part of laws.
2.To approve government budget
The parliament discusses the government budget and through
to public accounts committee examines in detail the ways the funds are spent.
It debates the performance of each minister during the
annual budget session of the national assembly.
3.To authorize any long or short term plans intended to be
implemented in the United Republic of Tanzania. Members of parliament question
members who present a plan clarification and information about the plan.
4.To rectify agreement or treaties to which the government
is concerned. The parliament rectifies all treaties and agreements to which
Tanzania is concerned and provisions which require rectification.
5.To oversee and advise the government and its organs. It is
the principle organ in Tanzania which has the authority on behalf of the people
to oversee and advise the government.
6.To train political leaders. The parliament serves as a
training ground for future political leaders.
STANDING COMMITTEES
The national assembly works through different standing
committees. They are:
1. Steering
committee
2. Financial and
economic committee
3. Political
affair committee
4. Public
accounts
5. General purposes committee
6. Foreign
affairs committee
7. Defence and
security committee
8.
Constitutional and legal affairs
LIFE OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The life of national assembly is 5 years starting on the
date on which a new national assembly meets.
COMPOSITION OF TANZANIAN PARLIAMENT
It is made up of:
o National assembly
o President
Steps of making laws in Tanzania
In Tanzania, laws are made by parliament. The making of new law passes through several
stages.
1. First reading
of the bill.
At this stage a bill is just proposed to the members of
parliament.
2. Bills sent to parliamentary committee.
The speaker sends the bill to the parliamentary committee to
be studied and analysed.
3. Second reading of the bill
The bill is published in the government 21 days before the
next parliament.
4. Amendments to the bill by entire parliament
Following the parliamentary debates, the house sits as a
committee then discusses the bill, section by section making amendments
wherever necessary.
5. Third reading of the bill
If some amendments are made at stage (d) above, a third
reading is made. This is the last
section of passing the bill in the houses.
6. The presidents assent to the bill.
Following the debates in the house, it is presented to the
president for his assent. If assent is rejected, it is returned to the house.
After a bill is returned to the assembly, it cannot again be
presented to the president for a period of 6 months except if it is supported
by two third of all parliament members.
If a bill is returned to the assembly by the president and
supported by two thirds of members and returned to the president, then the
president must either assent the bill within 21 days or dissolve the
parliament.
THE JUDICIARY
It is one of the three principle organs of the state. It safeguards its people’s constitutional
rights.
The main function of the judiciary:
1. To make sure
that the rule of law is maintained
2. To ensure
that justice is done to society therefore judges should be free to give
justice.
3. To make sure
that the parliament does not erect any law which contradicts the constitution.
4. To ensure
that the executive part of the government does not violate the human rights.
The judiciary is headed by CHIEF JUSTICE who is appointed by the president.
Under the chief justice are JUDGES and MAGISTRATES. Whose duties are to see that the laws of land
are respected and the law breakers are punished.
THE APPOINTMENT
The principle judge and other judges of the High Court and
Court of Appeal are appointed by the president after consultation with the
judicial service commission.
Below the high court judges are the various grades of
magistrates. All magistrates are
responsible to the judicial service commission.
Judges are appointed; they cannot be dismissed from office
unless they are unable to perform their duties because of illness or misuse of
office.
Therefore should be pruned by an INDEPENDENT COMMISSION OF
JUDGES of another country preferably to common wealth countries.
WHY?
This helps to guarantee the judges freedom from fear and
intimidation which would impede the independence of the courts proclaimed in
the constitution.
COURT SYSTEMS IN TANZANIA
The judiciary is the collective name for the personal working
in the legal system and the courts. The officials in the judicial system
include:
o Court clerks
o Magistrates
o Judges
State attorneys- who conduct state prosecutions and court
assessors.
STRUCTURE OF THE JUDICIARY
The judiciary is made up of
1.The ward tribunal- this is formed by an elected group of
wise men of a ward or village to judicial minor cases.
2.Primary court
o This is the
lowest court
o The head is
primary court magistrate
o They have a basic
certificate in law
o Advocates are not
allowed to defend the accused.
3.District Magistrate court
o This is the
secondary level of the court system
o Headed by a law
degree holder
o Advocates can
serve the accused
4.Resident Magistrates court
o This is the
tertiary level of the judiciary system
o Magistrates
serving at this level are fist degree holders but have much experience
5.The High Court
o This is served by
judges
o It has power to
hear all types of cases including murder, high treason.
6.The Appeal Court (Court of Appeal)
o This was
established in 1979
o This court only
hears appeal cases forwarded to it by high court
o Also a case may
originate from primary court to reach appeal court.
o This is
ultimately the highest possible legal ladder a case may reach.
7.The Special Constitutional court
o The court is not
permanent
o Have neither
permanent judges nor buildings
o This court is
summed only when there is conflicting interpretations of the constitution
between the two sides of the union e.g. Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
THE LEGAL SYSTEM
o It is headed by
the ATTORNEY GENERAL
o He is the chief
advisor to the government and is a cabinet member
o He is a chief
public prosecutor
FUNCTIONS
o As a chief public
prosecutor he is responsible to lead government cases through the courts.
o To appoint
magistrates
o To ensure that
the system works as smoothly as can be.
THE EXECUTIVE
The executive is made up of the Head of Government and the
Cabinet Minister. The executive branch
puts law into practice through administration.
The executive is made of three parts:
o The president- is
a chief executive
o The cabinet –
composed of ministers
o The civil service
Functions of executive
o To enforce law
Done by police to law breakers
o To defend the
nation
Armed forces under Ministry of Defence
o To provide social
services
Through other Ministries
o Regulate
international dealings
Trades and diplomacy with other nations
The 3 groups of executive
1. President
The president of the URT is the Head of State, the Head of
Government and the Commander in Chief of the armed forces. The president has executive powers. He either exercises these powers directly or
indirectly.
Functions and powers of president
1. As a head of
state
o Represents his
county at home and abroad
o Signs treaties
with other countries
o Resides in the
state house
o Receives
ambassadors from other countries
1. As head of
government
o Has all power in
the government
o Appoints civil
servants
o Appoints
ministers, judges, chief justice, prime ministers etc.
o Appoints members
of various commission
1. As a
commander in chief
o Appoints
commission officers in defence forces
o Appoints and
dismisses any URT members
o Many declare a
State of emergence
This can be done if:
1. The nation is
at war
2. The nation is
in danger of invasion
3. There is
actual breakdown of public order and safety
In case the president dies in office, the vice president
takes the power for the remaining period before election.
The election of the President
The president of the URT is elected by people during
election.
The union president candidate is elected if he gets single
majority rates.
Qualifications of presidential candidate
o He must be
Tanzanian
o The age of 40
years
o A person is not
elected more than twice.
The president assumes the office within 7 days after
declaration of election. And stays in
the office for 5 years.
The Vice President
The V.P is the principle assistant to the president in all
affairs of the URT. He is elected with
the president. The V.P acts under the
provision and guidance of the president.
President or V. P must be either from mainland or island.
Prime Minister
o The P.M is
appointed by the president and approved by the parliament.
o The P.M must be
the Member of Parliament.
o He is the leader
of government in national assembly
o The P.M is
responsible for control supervision and execution of daily government
functions.
THE CABINET
o It provides basic
structure of the government
o The cabinet of
URT consists of president, V.P and ministers
o Deputy
Ministersare not members of cabinet, but the president of Zanzibar is also a
member of the cabinet.
o The cabinet is
principle advisory organ of the president.
THE MINISTER
o Minister is a
political head of ministry.
o He has to answer
all questions related to his ministry.
o He represents the
President at ministerial level.
o Have powers to
appoint board members of institutions under his ministry e.g. coffee board.
Every R.C is responsible for discharge of all the functions
of the government of the United Republic within his regions.
The Civil service.
It is the part of the government that carries out the orders
given by the minister and president.
At the top we have chief secretary who is the chief
executive officer of the civil service, he is appointed by president.
The chief secretary is also secretary to the cabinet and
principle secretary to the president.
All matters of:
o Appointment
o Promotion
o Dismissal
o Disciplinary
control
Of civil service are regulated by the CIVIL SERVICE ACT and
CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS.
MINISTERIAL LEVEL
The principle secretary of each ministry is the head of the
ministry. He is assisted by:
o Commissioners
o Directors of
department
o Heads of sections
Each department has its own organised body of trained
workers.
QUALITIES OF A CIVIL SERVANT
A good civil servant needs technical skills, experience,
efficiency secrecy and sense of responsibility.
He should be honest and impartial.
1. Skills – is
the level of education e.g. certificate and other qualifications.
2. Experience –
is obtained when one works for a long time.
3. Efficiency –
can be attained by skill and experience which will enable her/him to be quick.
4. Secrecy – a
servant must keep quiet about certain things in his work
5. Responsibility
–one must be able to be responsible for ones decisions.
6. Honesty- is
when a servant is always true to his deeds.
TYPES OF CIVIL SERVANTS
1. Subordinate –
simple mechanical routine work
2. Clerical –
work which is an application of well-defined regulations
3. Executive –
specialization in certain task
4.
Administrative duties- this is concerned with:
o Formation of
policy
o Improvement of
government machinery
o Administration
o Control of other
civil servant
The army and police are not included in the government.
SOURCE OF GOVERNMENT REVENUE
They include:
1. DIRECT TAXES
The main form is income tax.
It is paid by people employed by the government and private sector.
E.g.
o Monthly payments
o Interest on
investments
o Profits from
business
Other forms of direct tax
o Property transfer
taxes
o Airport tax
o Game parks
o Museum fees
o Fine from courts
2. INDIRECT
TAXES
These include imports and export duties of which are known
as customs duties. Import duties are for
goods brought into the county while export is paid on all exports like tea,
coffee, and sisal.
Excise duties are charged on locally manufactured goods
which are sold and used in the country e.g. Beers, soaps, and cigarettes.
3. DOMESTIC LOAN
BORROWING
Is the sale of government bond and treasury bills to the
public. The government also borrows
money from external sources such as:
Foreign government
Foreign institutions e.g. IMF, World Bank.
ADB- African development Bank.
INTERNAL SOURCES
LOTTERIES
FRIENDLY COUNTRIES
LOAN
EXTERNAL
SOURCES
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
LICENCES, (BUSINESS, VEHICLES, HUNTING ETC.)
VAT
EXCISE DUTY
CUSTOMES DUTY
CORPORATION TAX
PERSONAL TAX
INCOME TAX
INDIRECT
DIRECT
GOVERNMENT BONDS (INSURANCE)
PROVIDENT FUNDS
FEES
RENT
LEASE
TAXES
INTERNAL LOANS & LOTTERIES
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
GOVERNMENT REVENUE
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
FRIENDLY COUNTRIES
GRANTS
4. GRANTS
These are external source of government revenue. They are non- payable money given to the
country by foreign governments.
5. CHARGES FROM
PROVISION OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES
The government obtains revenue by charging users for
provision of services like water, electricity and medical treatment.
6. LICENCES
Is when the government obtains income through selling
licences to various individuals and companies for different activities from
government departments.
7. PROFIT FROM
PARASTATALS
The government own some parastatals fully while in others
the government holds the majority shares.
As a result, the government receives a large share of the profits made
by the parastatals.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
There are 2 kinds of government expenditures
1. Capital expenditures
2. Recurrent
expenditures.
1. Capital
expenditures – is expenditure on lasting or permanent assets. These assets add
to a country’s capital and may be expected on time to pay for themselves. E.g.
Roads, railways, school, hospitals and government offices.
1. Recurrent
expenditures- Is expenditure on running costs. E.g. buying text books, exercise
books, medicines.
It keeps on being year after year. It doesn’t only happen once, it recurs.
JUDICIARY
It is one of the 3 principle organs of the state. It safeguards the people’s constitution
rights. Its main functions are:
1. To make sure
that rule of law is maintained
2. To ensure
that justice is done
3. To make sure
that parliament does not erect any law.
4. To ensure
that the executive part of the government does not violate the basic human
rights provided for, in the constitution.
THE UNION OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR
Tanganyika and Zanzibar formed a union by which URT was
born. The union occurred on 26th April
1964. This union did not form a unitary
state. Zanzibar retained its own
government. The other side of the union
i.e. Tanganyika has no government of its own.
Factors which precipitate the function of the union:
1. The people of
Tanganyika and Zanzibar originated from the same race.
2. Geographical
closeness
3. Same
historical background
4. The two
countries speak the same language
5. Same culture
6. The former
political parties TANU and ASP had similar ideologies
7. Friendship
between the two presidents.
ADVANTAGES OF THE UNION:
1. Facilitates
development in Tanzania
2. Enables to
share local resources
3. Strengthens
economic activities between the two
4. Presumed to
be the major step towards unity of Africa
PROBLEMS OF UNION:
1. Very
expensive to run
2. Existing
governments are debatable
3. Zanzibar has
separate House of Representatives while in mainland the national assembly there
are MPs from Zanzibar
4. There is
confusion about presidents
5. Poverty
Achievements of the union:
1. It still
exists
2. There is
peace on both sides
3. Good
relationship with other states
4. Some union
problems are solved peacefully
5. Good social and
economic welfare from government
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
UNION AND NON UNION MATTERS:
According to the Article of Union which formed was formed
between Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The URT
was formed by two governments. These
are:
o The Government of
the United Republic of Tanzania
o The revolution
Government of Zanzibar
The president of the revolution of Zanzibar has all powers
in the affairs of Zanzibar except union matters and non-union matters to
mainland.
UNION MATTERS:
According to the constitution, the following matters are
placed under union government.
1. The
constitution and government of the United Republic
2. External
affairs
3. Defence
4. Police
5. Emergency
powers
6. Citizenship
7. Immigration
8. External
trade and borrowing
9. Income tax
cooperation tax and excise duties
10. Financial
matters, legal tenders, coins and bank currency
11. Higher education
12. Industrial
licence and statistics
13. Research
14. Court of appeal
of URT
15. Registration of
political parties
16. National exam
council of Tanzania and council related matters
17. Aviation and air
transport
18. Petroleum and
natural resources
19. Statistics
Non-union matters:
1. Health
2. Judicial
system
3. Agriculture
4. Primary,
secondary and technical education
5. Communication
2.DEMOCRACY
Democracy is originated from a Greek word i.e. DEMO means
people, CRATE means power. Therefore it
means PEOPLE’S POWER.
It is the system of government and leadership in which the
supreme power belongs to the people.
Types of democracy:
There are 2 types of democracy
1. Direct
democracy (Pure)
2. Indirect
democracy (Representative)
1. Direct
democracy: it is the type of government whereby every free citizen participates
in the discussion regarding their affairs. It is possible in small population.
Characteristics of direct democracy:
o Allows highest
level of participation
o It works in a
community where citizens have a consensual view of their goal
o It is possible in
societies with enough freedom to their decision
o It is possible in
societies relative homogeneity among its members e.g. cultures, values etc.
1. Indirect
democracy: it is a type of democracy where by different groups elects a person
to represent them and given power to decide on their behalf.
It has its origins in Europe during the formation of
capitation.
Characteristics of indirect democracy:
o Citizens rule
through their elected leaders
o Elected leaders
are installed and removed through constitutionally and periodically organised
elections.
o All adult
citizens have rights to vote or be voted
o Citizens have
freedom of speech, opinions provided that they abide by rules of the land
o There is
separation of powers
Importance of democracy
o People can choose
their leaders
o Citizens
participate in making decisions
o Allows high
degree of tolerance
o Allows freedom of
criticism and transparency
o Citizens participate in different community
activities.
Disadvantages of democracy
o It is noisy
o It takes too long
to make decisions
o Sometimes the
better candidate may not win due to competition
Elements of representative democracy
1. Constitution
2. Separation of
powers
3. Rule of law
4. Multiparty
system
5. A bill of
human rights
6. Transparency
7.
Accountability
8. Free and fair
elections
9. The process
of voting should be peaceful
10. Control of abuse
of power
11. Political
tolerance
DICTATORSHIP
Is the form of government in which all powers rest in and is
exercised by a single person or group of people.
Types of Dictatorship:
1. Fascism: is
the one where the political party is headed by the dictator, who holds all the
powers
2. Aristocracy:
the one where few persons form and control the government.
3.
Authoritarianism: is where the government seeks no consent of the
people.
4. Totalitarian:
where government controls all the activities of the people.
Characteristics of Dictatorship:
1. They are the
source of authority, laws and justice
2. They employ
police, army, preventive, detentions and prisons as a control organ of
administration.
3. They usually
seize political power of the state by use of force
4. They usually
abuse their power
5. They are
responsible to no one and there is no rule of law
DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS
Election is the process by which people vote for the
candidate of their choice. A political
election or democratic election gives people a chance to vote and decide who
will lead them in future.
Election is said to be democratic, if they are held in an
atmosphere where participants are tolerated and willing to listen to the
political views of the opponents.
OR
Democratic election is the election in which electoral law
and rules are fair and equal for all contestants.
Factors that make elections democratic
The following are some of them:
1. Campaigns and
political meetings- where the candidates present their views, premises,
programs and voters ask questions.
o These views can
be heard or read from electronic media or print area.
o Campaigns should
allow freedom of assembly and association. It also means that candidates,
parties and voters should not be intimidated or threatened.
2.Equal opportunities to all parties
3.Equal access to mass media
4.Campaigns are on political and social issues
5.Abiding by an equal code of political parties
The Importance of Democratic Election
1. Services as
powerful means of transferring power from one person/group to another
2. To choose
good leaders. People vote because they need the best leaders who will make laws
and by laws which determine day to day lives.
3. Ensures equal opportunity to all parties
4. Ensures good
governance
5. To make
government responsible for its acts
6. Used to
decide matters
7. Improve
political system
Conditions and procedures to elections
Election procedures differs from one country to another,
however certain principle characterize elections on many countries e.g.
government elections are generally held at an interval of 5 years.
Conditions for voters and candidates in Tanzania
1. Age must not
be less than 18 years
2. Mentally
healthy
3. Should not be
in prison or has been imprisoned for the past 5 years
4. People have
to register themselves as voters
5. He should be
a Tanzanian
6. Elections are
by secret ballots
7. Equal access
to media
Presidential candidates
o Citizen of
Tanzania
o Adult not less
than 40 years
o Member of
political parties
o There is a
minimum standard
o Person who proves
his ability to lead the country democratically
o Mentally fit
Parliamentary candidates must be
o Adult not less
than 21 years
o Citizen of
Tanzania
o Member of
registered political parties
o Literate
o Residents of the
constituency in question
o Mentally fit
ELECTION CAMPAIGNS
It is a series of activities to win votes for a certain
candidate, party or proposal. In
Tanzania, candidates are members of the political parties.
Campaign activities
1. Parties
choose their candidate and help them by providing publicity
2. National
leaders of each party makes speeches and policy documents
3. Local
branches of each party have campaign committees
4. Volunteers
distribute leaflets, prepare meetings and help call people for support
5. Use of T.V
and radio for campaigning
6. On election
days, voting is supervised by officials
Parliament and Presidential Elections
o Are known as
general elections. In Tanzania general elections are done after 5 years
o For this
election, one is decided a winner by simple majority votes
o Elections are
held to fill parliamentary seats which become vacant between general elections
When are parliamentary elections held?
Are held when any of the following take place
1. Parliament is
dissolved
2. Members of
the parliament resign
3. Member of the
parliament fail to discharge their duties
4. Member of the
parliament dies
Before elections, political parties and candidates are given
a period of campaign
THE NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION(N.E.C)
It organises and supervises the elections. Include setting up of the electoral
procedures and supervisors.
FUNCTIONS OF N.E.C
1. Organise and
supervise election of president, MPs and local authorities.
2. Settle
complaints
3. Setup
electoral procedures and supervisors
4. Register
political parties
5. Supervise
implementation of law
6. Receive and
audit annual account of political parties.
3.GENDER
Is a social identity which refers to a person.State of being
either a feminine or a masculine.
Gender relation
Are social relationships between men and women and the
interaction that takes place between them within a particular social or
cultural context.
Gender relations in any society influence the way male and
female behave towards each other. It
also helps to explain the differences between man and woman, the roles they
play and why they do so.
Gender roles:
o Are formed by men
and women in the society
o Are influenced by
time, geographical location, and development level
o Are contextual and cultural specific andcannot
be generalized
Types of gender roles:
1. Women-
production and reproduction includes child bearing, cooking, cleaning and food
production.
2. Men-
production and reproduction includes hunting, protecting family, looking after
cattle, building houses and food production.
Gender discrimination
Implies treating women unequally from men based on their
gender e.g. refusing a qualified female engineer to supervise bridge
construction simply because she is a woman.
Gender equality
o Is part of human
equality to UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
o Refers to equal
sharing of power and goods, resources between men and women in the society
o Also equal
participation in production distribution, services, right to own and control
property.
o Equal access to
protection, healthcare, education, employment.
Sex
State of being male or female. It’s to great extent
permanent universal and biological determination female or male.
Gender issues
Culture of people of Tanzania has a meaning only if reality
of today and can help in construction of Tanzanians of tomorrow. The report of the 4th world conference on
women in Beijing highlighted the following areas of concern arising from
cultural trends in Tanzania.
Gender disparity
1. Majority of
the girls and women are semi-literate, most parents don’t want to invest girls
in education.
2. Most women
are poor because of economic policies have not been in favour also economic
planning is gender blind.
3. Cultural
belief- women are readily affected by cultural belief in witchcraft, poor
nutrition and ignorance about healthcare.
4. Polygamy-
this is also affecting women, polygamy which isn’t only among muslims but also
Christians.
5. Marriage-
women are also affected by forced marriage of both women and girls.
6. Teaching of
initiation- it very often urges girls to be subservient to their future
husbands.
Social-cultural practices that hinder equality between men
and women in the society
1. Payment of
dowry/bride price
Dowry reduces women to the status of property. The higher the bride price, the more the
woman’s value. Some women are treated as
slaves because of low dowry.
2.Lack of education
In some societies parents are reluctant to send their
daughters to school. The assumption is
that the girls are bound to be married sooner or later.
3.Basic customary laws
In most ethnic groups, women are regarded as inferior
partners of men, which leads to denial of many basic rights to women.
4.Poor and insufficient diet
In some societies women are restricted to eat some food
especially when they are pregnant. This
leads to malnourishment or undernourished women.
5.Excessive work
Most women work for at least 14 to 16 hours; they work for
longer hours than men and engage in various activities.
6.Acceptance of the status of quo
Most women in our society have accepted their position of
staying at home and want their husbands to bring everything so they regard
themselves as junior partners.
7.Social expectation
Societies expect women to have children. Bearing many children tends to weaken
mothers.
Solution to curb negative socio-cultural practise in
societies
1. To eradicate
laws
Eradication of customary laws in the society should be done
through provision of education. The
customary law leads to deprival of many basic rights to women. The societies should be educated on the
disadvantages of customary laws on side of women, and then gradually they will
stop it.
2. To reduce the
expectations of the status of women in the
Men should be made aware of the fact that the place of women isn’t
necessarily in the homes. Women should
be encouraged to access themselves in the village district and national
affairs.
3. Equal access
to education
Women should be educated just like men. The negative opinions about women and their
abilities must be changed from the family level.
4. Placing women
in responsible positions and influence them of their capability could be
demonstrated clearly.
5. Agricultural
programs to address women. It has been argued that they are principle
collectors and they are working for long periods of time in a day. Therefore
agricultural programs must be addressed to women and men equally. They should also seek to solve the women’s
problems.
6. Equal and
direct access to socio economic activities. Both genders have to have equal
access to various information and owning property, education and employment
opportunities. In most cases women get
information indirectly through their husbands.
Women could be trained, educated and developed just like men.
7. Enactment of
laws which promote women’s rights
Laws have been passed to stop discrimination against women
in Tanzania e.g. law on land ownership and marriage law.
8. Elimination
of local beliefs
Some local beliefs that hinder women to access some food
which they are pregnant, should be erased in our society.
PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS
SOCIAL PROBLEM
Problem is
something that is difficult to deal with or to understand.
Social problem are difficult that affect a community such as
Violence
Drug Abuse
Conflict
HIV/ AIDS
Poverty
In adequate health care
Corruption
Poor housing
In adequate clean and safe water
In adequate health care
2. SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES
These are the way
that a person or community deals with a difficult solution. They involve
analyzing a problem to determine the best way of reading or ending it.
They are related to
decision making because they require to make a choice and act on it
3. STEPS IN THE
PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
Problem solving is usually done in steps one at a time.
These stapes are:
Initiating mediation.
Mediation is the process of trying to end a disagreement
between people or groups by talking to them and helping them find a suitable
for all those involved.
The one who initiating mediation is known as the Mediator.
ii) Gathering information.
The mediator trying to find the root causes of the problem
by asking questions.
iii) Define the problem
At this stage the disagreement is explained in order to know
the problem. Knowing a problem is an important stage in solving the
problem,Therefore it is advised that the mediator has to clearly understand and
define the root cause of the problem .
iv) Generating alternatives.
This is a stage of coming up with many solutions to the
problem.
v) Agreeing to a solution.
It is the stage of choosing the best alternative to solve
the problem.
vi) Following through to see that the plan is
carried outs.
This is the stage of implementing and testing the solution
to see if it works.
4. IMPORTANCE OF
APPLYING PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUE
Applying problem solving technique in difficult facing society
help to.
1.) Bring a peace by resolving conflict between tribesmen of
the community.
2.) Raise the living standard of the society. E.g. improving
housing health services.
3) Ensure fairly
treatment of all members of the community’
4) Put stop to
vices such as drug abuse, child labour and prostitution
5) Protect the
environment e.g. By recycling plastic containers instead of throwing them a
away or burning them
THE END
Copright 2020
izack mariki